Clinical Approaches
Theory of needs(Henry Murray)
Need for achivement(David McClelland)
Hierarchy of needs(Abraham Maslow)
Theory of needs- needs form the corre of our personalities includes the needs for affiliation, power, and achievement
Henry murray belived that needs are based in human physiology. he said that they can be understood in terms and these terms form the core of a person's personality an example is the need for affiliation and the need for power. People who rank high in the need for affiliation like to form close fredships and become members of groups.these people avoid arguments and are not competitive. they also tend to become nervous when they feel like they are being judged. on the other specturm people who rank high in the need for power seekto control and not follow , the try to make others conform to their image , they love to be recognized and tobe visible to the general public, they tend to be agressive.
Need for achivement-The need to achieve motivates us to be productive. People who intensely need to achive seek out moderately difficult tasks because they are most likely to succeed at them while still being challenged
David McClelland based on Murray said that people who rank high in the need for achivement seek out moderately challenging tasks they are persistant and love to persue success in what ever it is that they do. An example would be an entrepreneur because they seek tasks were they are likely to succeed and pass their known potential
He also said that our view of reality rather than reality it's self is a good prdictor of how we react to the demands of achievement especially as children. In other words people are motivated not by pressures but but but by the way the see the pressures. for example a sucessful football player may not become as good as he percives his role model to be even though he himself mybe just as successful
Gender: McClelland though that girls may view themselves to be less competent than boys do especially as they groe older as a result of this they may see themselves as less than boys do. in competative situations is when this theory comes into play and it is seen to come out when children begin kindergraden.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs-Five levels of needs
Abraham Maslow said that there were a set of needs that all humans need. To progress up the pyramid each need must be satisfied. Each level represents differnt things
Physiological- These are biological needs such as food, water, sex, and oxygen. once this need has been satisfied you can then search for a higher need to statisfy.
Saftey- also known as saftey and security represents shelter and protection for example a warm bed or a parent being around when a child is afraid those such things satisfy this level of the hierarchy
Social- Also Known as Love and Belongingness this stage is the need to belong , to feel part of meaningful group or family, to feel that other people love and care for you. An example would be bonding betwwen parent and child
Esteem- this level for self esteem in this level the child or the person is to achive self worth belive that they are worth while
Self actulaztion is the last step- this step is where you reach your full potentional such as becoming a ceo, or just achiving goal that seemed imposssible.
With out one you can not be well rounded.
Cognitive approaches
Intrusive and Extrusive motivators
Curiosity, challenge, and control
Self-efficacy Theory (Bandura)
Intrusive and Extrusive Motivators
Intrusive- rewards that come from within
Extrusive- rewards that come from the outside
Our behavior can be because of intrusive reasons or extrusive reasons or both. for example you may study hard or a class because you are intrested in the subject(intrusive motivator) or you just want to get an A in the clas(extrusive motivator)or both.Extrusive rewards play a big role in people's behavior. It has been found that people who have instrusive motivators are more likely to succeed due to their belif in themselves and in hard work.
Curiosity and Challenge
What makes us curious? we are intrigued by things that are moderatly simple but are also moderatly complex. this makes sense because if something is famillar to us such as 2+2=4 we tend to ignore it but if something is out of our realm such as 5x(10y+15x)-19y/5x and we have no understanding we also ignore that but if it is simple yet challenging 2x+2x/x then we become intrested
Self-Efficacy Theory
Self- efficacy-our belief in our own competency to mater the enviroment and reach personal goals.This includes our direct experience, our interpretation of other people's experiences, what people say we can do, and our perception of our emotional state. If you have a high degree of self-efficacy then you are more likely to achive a goal. Our sense of self-efficacy can lead to self-fullfillment because when we belive we are able to do something then you are more likely to do it